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好问题!我应该在https://rhodesmill.org/skyfield/searches.html添加一个新部分来解释减去两个经度或赤经时看到的这种常见行为。解开这个谜团的关键是观察角度差在输出中作为幻影合相出现的某一时刻发生了什么。我附上了一个脚本,它会为您在金星和毕宿五之间打印的第一个事件打印此内容:
2020-02-07 Difference: -19.33880215224481 Venus RA: 23.93746881891146 2020-02-08 Difference: 4.5908654129343995 Venus RA: 0.007801253732248779
角度差在 -19.3 和 4.6 之间跳跃,这应该会立即引起我们的怀疑,因为它们只是完全相同角度的两个不同名称!您可以通过将 24.0 加到 -19.3 来确认这一点,您将得出一个非常接近 4.6 的角度(给出或考虑金星在一天内完成的实际运动)。
为什么结果会在天空中完全相同的角度差异的两个别名之间跳跃?
答案在上面打印的第二个事实中:金星的 RA。不连续恰好发生在金星恰好穿过 0h 赤经的那一刻!尽管 23.93746881891146 和 0.007801253732248779 几乎是相同的角度,但它们相差 24.0,因为它们横跨天空中我们重新命名赤经的位置。
我下面的脚本还显示了一个说明情况的情节:
您可以在顶部图中看到,正是在金星将其 RA 重置为零的确切时刻,RA 差异在相同的四个半小时内从一个别名跳到另一个别名 24.0 小时RA 的差异。
解决方案?
角度差异需要限制在 [-12h, +12h) 之类的范围内,以强制为每个可能的角度值选择一个首选别名。在 Python 中,正如您在下面的脚本中所见,典型的操作是:
(ra1.hours - ra2.hours + 12.0) % 24.0 - 12.0
这在上面的第二个图中显示为“改进的差异”,它不仅正确地隐藏了 2 月 7 日的不连续性,不再让它看起来像一个事件,而且现在它在接近尾声时正确地识别了金星和毕宿五之间的对冲2020 年(在图的右边缘)之前仅显示为超过 -12.0 的差异,但现在作为角度差异的关键时刻闪耀。
最后,此脚本会检查反对意见并将其从搜索结果中过滤掉。您还会发现一些可能的 Python 代码调整,您可能会在继续使用 Python 编码时考虑这些调整。开始:
from skyfield.searchlib import find_maxima, find_minima, find_discrete
from skyfield.api import Star, load
from datetime import datetime, date,timedelta
import pytz
planets = load('de430t.bsp')
earth = planets['earth']
stars = [
['Aldebaran', (4, 35, 55.2), (16, 30, 33)],
['Regulus', (10, 8, 22.3), (11, 58, 2)],
['Pollux', (7, 45, 18.9), (28, 1, 34)],
['Antares', (16, 29, 24.4), (-26, 25, 55)],
]
ts = load.timescale(builtin=True)
t0 = ts.utc(2020, 1, 1)
t1 = ts.utc(2021, 1, 1)
# Exploring the first bad result for Venus and Aldebaran.
star = Star(ra_hours=stars[0][1], dec_degrees=stars[0][2])
for utc in (2020, 2, 7), (2020, 2, 8):
t = ts.utc(*utc)
ra1, _, _ = planets['earth'].at(t).observe(star).radec()
ra2, _, _ = planets['earth'].at(t).observe(planets['venus']).radec()
print(t.utc_strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
'Difference:', ra1.hours - ra2.hours,
'Venus RA:', ra2.hours)
# Plot showing how to protect an angular difference against discontinuity.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
t = ts.utc(2020, 1, range(365))
e = planets['earth'].at(t)
star = Star(ra_hours=stars[0][1], dec_degrees=stars[0][2])
ra1, _, _, = e.observe(star).radec()
ra2, _, _, = e.observe(planets['venus']).radec()
fig, (ax, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1)
ax.plot(t.J, ra2.hours, label='Venus RA')
ax.plot(t.J, ra1.hours - ra2.hours, label='RA difference')
ax.set(xlabel='Year', ylabel='Hours')
ax.grid()
ax.legend()
ax2.plot(t.J, ra2.hours, label='Venus RA')
ax2.plot(t.J, (ra1.hours - ra2.hours + 12.0) % 24.0 - 12.0,
label='Improved difference')
ax2.set(xlabel='Year', ylabel='Hours')
ax2.grid()
ax2.legend()
fig.savefig('tmp.png')
# So we need to force the difference into the range [-12 hours .. +12 hours]
def difference(t):
e = earth.at(t)
ra11, dec11, distance = e.observe(object).radec()
ra12, dec12, distance2 = e.observe(planets[target1]).radec()
diff = (ra11.hours - ra12.hours + 12.0) % 24.0 - 12.0
return diff >= 0
difference.rough_period = 1.0
for name, ra_hms, dec_dms in stars:
object = Star(ra_hours=ra_hms, dec_degrees=dec_dms)
target1 = 'venus'
t, b = find_discrete(t0, t1, difference)
if len(t) == 0:
break
print (f"{name} and {target1}")
for a, b in zip(t, b):
e = earth.at(a)
ra1, dec1, _ = e.observe(object).radec('date')
ra2, dec2, _ = e.observe(planets[target1]).radec('date')
if abs(ra1.hours - ra2.hours) > 6.0:
continue # ignore oppositions
print(f"Diff: {ra1.hours - ra2.hours:.4f}, ra_{name}: {ra1.hours}, ra_{target1}: {ra2.hours}")
print(f"{a.utc_iso()},{dec1._degrees - dec2._degrees}")
print()
现在打印的事件是:
Aldebaran and venus
Diff: -0.0014, ra_Aldebaran: 4.617748605529591, ra_venus: 4.619169121320681
2020-04-17T20:25:49Z,-10.136618155920797
Diff: -0.0007, ra_Aldebaran: 4.617892691238804, ra_venus: 4.618562784294269
2020-06-08T07:56:08Z,-4.921187477025711
Diff: -0.0001, ra_Aldebaran: 4.618000948409604, ra_venus: 4.618129623302464
2020-07-12T06:44:16Z,-0.9622868107603999
Regulus and venus
Diff: 0.0000, ra_Regulus: 10.157702949500333, ra_venus: 10.157697096607553
2020-10-02T23:42:45Z,0.09034295610918264
Pollux and venus
Diff: 0.0012, ra_Pollux: 7.776229220287636, ra_venus: 7.775002995218732
2020-09-01T16:39:22Z,8.68200041253418
Antares and venus
Diff: 0.0008, ra_Antares: 16.511260401870718, ra_venus: 16.51042838802181
2020-12-23T00:34:39Z,-5.652225570418828
我相信这可以解决并纠正您的问题!
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