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您面临的问题与结构成员的对齐方式有关。您可以在此处阅读有关它的更多信息,但简而言之,C++ 编译器有时会添加填充字节以保持架构所期望的自然对齐。如果不使用该对齐方式,可能会导致性能下降甚至访问冲突。
例如,对于 x86/x64,大多数类型的对齐方式通常(但不一定保证)与大小相同。我们可以看到
#include <cstdint>
#include <type_traits>
std::size_t offsets[] = {
std::alignment_of_v<std::uint8_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<std::uint16_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<std::uint32_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<std::uint64_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<__uint128_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<std::int8_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<std::int16_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<std::int32_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<std::int64_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<__int128_t>,
std::alignment_of_v<float>,
std::alignment_of_v<double>,
std::alignment_of_v<long double>,
std::alignment_of_v<void*>,
};
编译为
offsets:
.quad 1
.quad 2
.quad 4
.quad 8
.quad 16
.quad 1
.quad 2
.quad 4
.quad 8
.quad 16
.quad 4
.quad 8
.quad 16
.quad 8
由于这些(和其他)实现细节,建议不要依赖内部表示。但是,在某些情况下,其他方法可能不够快(例如逐字段序列化),或者您可能无法更改 C++ 代码,例如 OP。
binary.Read需要打包数据,但 C++ 将使用填充。我们需要使用依赖于编译器的指令,例如#pragma pack(1)或添加填充 Go 结构。第一个不是 OP 的选项,所以我们将使用第二个。
我们可以使用offsetof宏来确定结构成员相对于结构本身的偏移量。我们可以做类似的事情
#include <array>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
using int8 = std::int8_t;
using uint8 = std::uint8_t;
using uint16 = std::uint16_t;
struct CarTelemetryData {
uint16 m_speed;
uint8 m_throttle;
int8 m_steer;
uint8 m_brake;
uint8 m_clutch;
int8 m_gear;
uint16 m_engineRPM;
uint8 m_drs;
uint8 m_revLightsPercent;
uint16 m_brakesTemperature[4];
uint16 m_tyresSurfaceTemperature[4];
uint16 m_tyresInnerTemperature[4];
uint16 m_engineTemperature;
float m_tyresPressure[4];
};
// C++ has no reflection (yet) so we need to list every member
constexpr auto offsets = std::array{
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_speed),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_throttle),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_steer),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_brake),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_clutch),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_gear),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_engineRPM),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_drs),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_revLightsPercent),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_brakesTemperature),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_tyresSurfaceTemperature),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_tyresInnerTemperature),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_engineTemperature),
offsetof(CarTelemetryData, m_tyresPressure),
};
constexpr auto sizes = std::array{
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_speed),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_throttle),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_steer),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_brake),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_clutch),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_gear),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_engineRPM),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_drs),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_revLightsPercent),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_brakesTemperature),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_tyresSurfaceTemperature),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_tyresInnerTemperature),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_engineTemperature),
sizeof(CarTelemetryData::m_tyresPressure),
};
constexpr auto computePadding() {
std::array<std::size_t, offsets.size()> result;
std::size_t expectedOffset = 0;
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < offsets.size(); i++) {
result.at(i) = offsets.at(i) - expectedOffset;
expectedOffset = offsets.at(i) + sizes.at(i);
}
return result;
}
auto padding = computePadding();
编译为(constexprFTW)
padding:
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 1
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 0
.quad 2
所以,在 x86 上,我们需要一个字节之前EngineRPM和两个字节之前TyresPressure。
所以,让我们检查一下它是否有效。
C++:
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <span>
using int8 = std::int8_t;
using uint8 = std::uint8_t;
using uint16 = std::uint16_t;
struct CarTelemetryData {
uint16 m_speed;
uint8 m_throttle;
int8 m_steer;
uint8 m_brake;
uint8 m_clutch;
int8 m_gear;
uint16 m_engineRPM;
uint8 m_drs;
uint8 m_revLightsPercent;
uint16 m_brakesTemperature[4];
uint16 m_tyresSurfaceTemperature[4];
uint16 m_tyresInnerTemperature[4];
uint16 m_engineTemperature;
float m_tyresPressure[4];
};
int main() {
CarTelemetryData data = {
.m_speed = 1,
.m_throttle = 2,
.m_steer = 3,
.m_brake = 4,
.m_clutch = 5,
.m_gear = 6,
.m_engineRPM = 7,
.m_drs = 8,
.m_revLightsPercent = 9,
.m_brakesTemperature = {10, 11, 12, 13},
.m_tyresSurfaceTemperature = {14, 15, 16, 17},
.m_tyresInnerTemperature = {18, 19, 20, 21},
.m_engineTemperature = 22,
.m_tyresPressure = {23, 24, 25, 26},
};
std::cout << "b := []byte{" << std::hex << std::setfill('0');
for (auto byte : std::as_bytes(std::span(&data, 1))) {
std::cout << "0x" << std::setw(2) << static_cast<unsigned>(byte)
<< ", ";
}
std::cout << "}";
}
结果是
b := []byte{0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x11, 0x00, 0x12, 0x00, 0x13, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x16, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb8, 0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc8, 0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd0, 0x41, }
让我们在 Go 中使用它:
// Type your code here, or load an example.
// Your function name should start with a capital letter.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/binary"
"fmt"
)
type CarTelemetryData struct {
Speed uint16
Throttle uint8
Steer int8
Brake uint8
Clutch uint8
Gear int8
_ uint8
EngineRPM uint16
DRS uint8
RevLightsPercent uint8
BrakesTemperature [4]uint16
TyresSurfaceTemperature [4]uint16
TyresInnerTemperature [4]uint16
EngineTemperature uint16
_ uint16
TyresPressure [4]float32
}
func main() {
b := []byte{0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x11, 0x00, 0x12, 0x00, 0x13, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x15, 0x00, 0x16, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb8, 0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc8, 0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd0, 0x41}
var dataStruct CarTelemetryData
dataReader := bytes.NewReader(b[:])
binary.Read(dataReader, binary.LittleEndian, &dataStruct)
fmt.Printf("%+v", dataStruct)
}
哪个打印
{Speed:1 Throttle:2 Steer:3 Brake:4 Clutch:5 Gear:6 _:0 EngineRPM:7 DRS:8 RevLightsPercent:9 BrakesTemperature:[10 11 12 13] TyresSurfaceTemperature:[14 15 16 17] TyresInnerTemperature:[18 19 20 21] EngineTemperature:22 _:0 TyresPressure:[23 24 25 26]}
取出填充字节,它会失败。
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