3 回答
TA贡献1805条经验 获得超9个赞
尝试使用:
if(NewType* v = dynamic_cast<NewType*>(old)) {
// old was safely casted to NewType
v->doSomething();
}
这要求您的编译器启用rtti支持。
编辑:我对这个答案有一些好评!
每次你需要使用dynamic_cast(或instanceof)时,你最好问问自己这是否是必要的。这通常是设计不佳的标志。
典型的解决方法是将要检查的类的特殊行为放入基类的虚函数中,或者引入类似访问者的内容,您可以在不改变界面的情况下为子类引入特定行为(除了添加访问者接受接口)课程)。
正如所指出的,dynamic_cast不是免费的。处理大多数(但不是所有情况)的简单且始终如一的执行hack基本上是添加一个枚举,表示您的类可以拥有的所有可能类型,并检查您是否拥有正确的类型。
if(old->getType() == BOX) {
Box* box = static_cast<Box*>(old);
// Do something box specific
}
这不是好设计,但它可以是一种解决方法,其成本或多或少只是虚拟函数调用。无论是否启用RTTI,它都可以工作。
请注意,此方法不支持多级继承,因此如果您不小心,可能会以如下代码结束:
// Here we have a SpecialBox class that inherits Box, since it has its own type
// we must check for both BOX or SPECIAL_BOX
if(old->getType() == BOX || old->getType() == SPECIAL_BOX) {
Box* box = static_cast<Box*>(old);
// Do something box specific
}
TA贡献1793条经验 获得超6个赞
没有dynamic_cast的实现实例
我认为这个问题今天仍然有用。使用C ++ 11标准,您现在可以实现一个instanceof函数而不使用dynamic_cast这样的:
if (dynamic_cast<B*>(aPtr) != nullptr) {
// aPtr is instance of B
} else {
// aPtr is NOT instance of B
}
但你依然依赖RTTI支持。所以这是我的解决方案,取决于一些宏和Metaprogramming魔术。唯一的缺点是恕我直言,这种做法并没有对工作的多重继承。
InstanceOfMacros.h
#include <set>
#include <tuple>
#include <typeindex>
#define _EMPTY_BASE_TYPE_DECL() using BaseTypes = std::tuple<>;
#define _BASE_TYPE_DECL(Class, BaseClass) \
using BaseTypes = decltype(std::tuple_cat(std::tuple<BaseClass>(), Class::BaseTypes()));
#define _INSTANCE_OF_DECL_BODY(Class) \
static const std::set<std::type_index> baseTypeContainer; \
virtual bool instanceOfHelper(const std::type_index &_tidx) { \
if (std::type_index(typeid(ThisType)) == _tidx) return true; \
if (std::tuple_size<BaseTypes>::value == 0) return false; \
return baseTypeContainer.find(_tidx) != baseTypeContainer.end(); \
} \
template <typename... T> \
static std::set<std::type_index> getTypeIndexes(std::tuple<T...>) { \
return std::set<std::type_index>{std::type_index(typeid(T))...}; \
}
#define INSTANCE_OF_SUB_DECL(Class, BaseClass) \
protected: \
using ThisType = Class; \
_BASE_TYPE_DECL(Class, BaseClass) \
_INSTANCE_OF_DECL_BODY(Class)
#define INSTANCE_OF_BASE_DECL(Class) \
protected: \
using ThisType = Class; \
_EMPTY_BASE_TYPE_DECL() \
_INSTANCE_OF_DECL_BODY(Class) \
public: \
template <typename Of> \
typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<Class, Of>::value, bool>::type instanceOf() { \
return instanceOfHelper(std::type_index(typeid(Of))); \
}
#define INSTANCE_OF_IMPL(Class) \
const std::set<std::type_index> Class::baseTypeContainer = Class::getTypeIndexes(Class::BaseTypes());
演示
然后你可以使用这些东西(谨慎),如下所示:
DemoClassHierarchy.hpp *
#include "InstanceOfMacros.h"
struct A {
virtual ~A() {}
INSTANCE_OF_BASE_DECL(A)
};
INSTANCE_OF_IMPL(A)
struct B : public A {
virtual ~B() {}
INSTANCE_OF_SUB_DECL(B, A)
};
INSTANCE_OF_IMPL(B)
struct C : public A {
virtual ~C() {}
INSTANCE_OF_SUB_DECL(C, A)
};
INSTANCE_OF_IMPL(C)
struct D : public C {
virtual ~D() {}
INSTANCE_OF_SUB_DECL(D, C)
};
INSTANCE_OF_IMPL(D)
以下代码提供了一个小型演示,用于验证基本的正确行为。
InstanceOfDemo.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include "DemoClassHierarchy.hpp"
int main() {
A *a2aPtr = new A;
A *a2bPtr = new B;
std::shared_ptr<A> a2cPtr(new C);
C *c2dPtr = new D;
std::unique_ptr<A> a2dPtr(new D);
std::cout << "a2aPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=" << a2aPtr->instanceOf<A>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2aPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=" << a2aPtr->instanceOf<B>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2aPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=0, value=" << a2aPtr->instanceOf<C>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2aPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=0, value=" << a2aPtr->instanceOf<D>() << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2bPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=" << a2bPtr->instanceOf<A>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2bPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=1, value=" << a2bPtr->instanceOf<B>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2bPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=0, value=" << a2bPtr->instanceOf<C>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2bPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=0, value=" << a2bPtr->instanceOf<D>() << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2cPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=" << a2cPtr->instanceOf<A>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2cPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=" << a2cPtr->instanceOf<B>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2cPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=1, value=" << a2cPtr->instanceOf<C>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2cPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=0, value=" << a2cPtr->instanceOf<D>() << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "c2dPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=" << c2dPtr->instanceOf<A>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "c2dPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=" << c2dPtr->instanceOf<B>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "c2dPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=1, value=" << c2dPtr->instanceOf<C>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "c2dPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=1, value=" << c2dPtr->instanceOf<D>() << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2dPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=" << a2dPtr->instanceOf<A>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2dPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=" << a2dPtr->instanceOf<B>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2dPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=1, value=" << a2dPtr->instanceOf<C>() << std::endl;
std::cout << "a2dPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=1, value=" << a2dPtr->instanceOf<D>() << std::endl;
delete a2aPtr;
delete a2bPtr;
delete c2dPtr;
return 0;
}
输出:
a2aPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=1
a2aPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=0
a2aPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=0, value=0
a2aPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=0, value=0
a2bPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=1
a2bPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=1, value=1
a2bPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=0, value=0
a2bPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=0, value=0
a2cPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=1
a2cPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=0
a2cPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=1, value=1
a2cPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=0, value=0
c2dPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=1
c2dPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=0
c2dPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=1, value=1
c2dPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=1, value=1
a2dPtr->instanceOf<A>(): expected=1, value=1
a2dPtr->instanceOf<B>(): expected=0, value=0
a2dPtr->instanceOf<C>(): expected=1, value=1
a2dPtr->instanceOf<D>(): expected=1, value=1
性能
现在出现的最有趣的问题是,如果这种邪恶的东西比使用它更有效dynamic_cast。因此,我写了一个非常基本的性能测量应用程序。
InstanceOfPerformance.cpp
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "DemoClassHierarchy.hpp"
template <typename Base, typename Derived, typename Duration>
Duration instanceOfMeasurement(unsigned _loopCycles) {
auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
volatile bool isInstanceOf = false;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < _loopCycles; ++i) {
Base *ptr = new Derived;
isInstanceOf = ptr->template instanceOf<Derived>();
delete ptr;
}
auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
return std::chrono::duration_cast<Duration>(end - start);
}
template <typename Base, typename Derived, typename Duration>
Duration dynamicCastMeasurement(unsigned _loopCycles) {
auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
volatile bool isInstanceOf = false;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < _loopCycles; ++i) {
Base *ptr = new Derived;
isInstanceOf = dynamic_cast<Derived *>(ptr) != nullptr;
delete ptr;
}
auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
return std::chrono::duration_cast<Duration>(end - start);
}
int main() {
unsigned testCycles = 10000000;
std::string unit = " us";
using DType = std::chrono::microseconds;
std::cout << "InstanceOf performance(A->D) : " << instanceOfMeasurement<A, D, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< std::endl;
std::cout << "InstanceOf performance(A->C) : " << instanceOfMeasurement<A, C, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< std::endl;
std::cout << "InstanceOf performance(A->B) : " << instanceOfMeasurement<A, B, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< std::endl;
std::cout << "InstanceOf performance(A->A) : " << instanceOfMeasurement<A, A, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< "\n"
<< std::endl;
std::cout << "DynamicCast performance(A->D) : " << dynamicCastMeasurement<A, D, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< std::endl;
std::cout << "DynamicCast performance(A->C) : " << dynamicCastMeasurement<A, C, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< std::endl;
std::cout << "DynamicCast performance(A->B) : " << dynamicCastMeasurement<A, B, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< std::endl;
std::cout << "DynamicCast performance(A->A) : " << dynamicCastMeasurement<A, A, DType>(testCycles).count() << unit
<< "\n"
<< std::endl;
return 0;
}
结果各不相同,主要基于编译器优化的程度。使用g++ -std=c++11 -O0 -o instanceof-performance InstanceOfPerformance.cpp本地计算机上的输出编译性能测量程序是:
InstanceOf performance(A->D) : 699638 us
InstanceOf performance(A->C) : 642157 us
InstanceOf performance(A->B) : 671399 us
InstanceOf performance(A->A) : 626193 us
DynamicCast performance(A->D) : 754937 us
DynamicCast performance(A->C) : 706766 us
DynamicCast performance(A->B) : 751353 us
DynamicCast performance(A->A) : 676853 us
嗯,这个结果非常清醒,因为时间表明新方法与dynamic_cast方法相比并不快。对于测试指针A是否是实例的特殊测试用例来说效率更低A。但是,通过使用编译器otpimization调整我们的二进制来转变趋势。相应的编译器命令是g++ -std=c++11 -O3 -o instanceof-performance InstanceOfPerformance.cpp。在我的本地机器上的结果是惊人的:
InstanceOf performance(A->D) : 3035 us
InstanceOf performance(A->C) : 5030 us
InstanceOf performance(A->B) : 5250 us
InstanceOf performance(A->A) : 3021 us
DynamicCast performance(A->D) : 666903 us
DynamicCast performance(A->C) : 698567 us
DynamicCast performance(A->B) : 727368 us
DynamicCast performance(A->A) : 3098 us
如果你不依赖于多重继承,不是好旧的C宏,RTTI和模板元编程的对手,并且不太懒于在类层次结构的类中添加一些小指令,那么这种方法可以提升你的应用程序一点点关于它的性能,如果你经常最终检查指针的实例。但要谨慎使用它。这种方法的正确性无法保证。
注意:所有演示都是clang (Apple LLVM version 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2))在MacBook Pro Mid 2012上使用macOS Sierra 编译的。
编辑: 我还测试了Linux机器上的性能gcc (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.9) 5.4.0 20160609。在这个平台上,性能优势并不像具有铿锵声的macOs那么重要。
输出(无编译器优化):
InstanceOf performance(A->D) : 390768 us
InstanceOf performance(A->C) : 333994 us
InstanceOf performance(A->B) : 334596 us
InstanceOf performance(A->A) : 300959 us
DynamicCast performance(A->D) : 331942 us
DynamicCast performance(A->C) : 303715 us
DynamicCast performance(A->B) : 400262 us
DynamicCast performance(A->A) : 324942 us
输出(带编译器优化):
InstanceOf performance(A->D) : 209501 us
InstanceOf performance(A->C) : 208727 us
InstanceOf performance(A->B) : 207815 us
InstanceOf performance(A->A) : 197953 us
DynamicCast performance(A->D) : 259417 us
DynamicCast performance(A->C) : 256203 us
DynamicCast performance(A->B) : 261202 us
DynamicCast performance(A->A) : 193535 us
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