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让我们来看看GCC 4.8对它做了什么
无__builtin_expect
#include "stdio.h"
#include "time.h"
int main() {
/* Use time to prevent it from being optimized away. */
int i = !time(NULL);
if (i)
printf("%d\n", i);
puts("a");
return 0;
}
用GCC 4.8.2x86_64 Linux编译和反编译:
gcc -c -O3 -std=gnu11 main.c
objdump -dr main.o
产出:
0000000000000000 <main>:
0: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp
4: 31 ff xor %edi,%edi
6: e8 00 00 00 00 callq b <main+0xb>
7: R_X86_64_PC32 time-0x4
b: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax
e: 75 14 jne 24 <main+0x24>
10: ba 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%edx
15: be 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%esi
16: R_X86_64_32 .rodata.str1.1
1a: bf 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%edi
1f: e8 00 00 00 00 callq 24 <main+0x24>
20: R_X86_64_PC32 __printf_chk-0x4
24: bf 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%edi
25: R_X86_64_32 .rodata.str1.1+0x4
29: e8 00 00 00 00 callq 2e <main+0x2e>
2a: R_X86_64_PC32 puts-0x4
2e: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
30: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp
34: c3 retq
内存中的指令顺序保持不变:首先,printf然后puts而retq回去吧。
带着__builtin_expect
现在替换if (i)有:
if (__builtin_expect(i, 0))
我们得到:
0000000000000000 <main>:
0: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp
4: 31 ff xor %edi,%edi
6: e8 00 00 00 00 callq b <main+0xb>
7: R_X86_64_PC32 time-0x4
b: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax
e: 74 11 je 21 <main+0x21>
10: bf 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%edi
11: R_X86_64_32 .rodata.str1.1+0x4
15: e8 00 00 00 00 callq 1a <main+0x1a>
16: R_X86_64_PC32 puts-0x4
1a: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
1c: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp
20: c3 retq
21: ba 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%edx
26: be 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%esi
27: R_X86_64_32 .rodata.str1.1
2b: bf 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%edi
30: e8 00 00 00 00 callq 35 <main+0x35>
31: R_X86_64_PC32 __printf_chk-0x4
35: eb d9 jmp 10 <main+0x10>
这个printf(汇编成__printf_chk)被移到函数的末尾,之后puts以及其他答案中提到的改进分支预测的回报。
所以基本上是一样的:
int i = !time(NULL);
if (i)
goto printf;
puts:
puts("a");
return 0;
printf:
printf("%d\n", i);
goto puts;
这个优化没有用-O0.
__builtin_expect
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