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TA贡献1865条经验 获得超7个赞
算子的短路行为and, or:
让我们首先定义一个有用的函数,以确定是否执行了某项操作。一个简单的函数,它接受一个参数,打印一条消息并返回输入,没有变化。
>>> def fun(i):
... print "executed"
... return i
...
我们可以观察到Python的短路行为的and, or以下示例中的运算符:
>>> fun(1)
executed
1
>>> 1 or fun(1) # due to short-circuiting "executed" not printed
1
>>> 1 and fun(1) # fun(1) called and "executed" printed
executed
1
>>> 0 and fun(1) # due to short-circuiting "executed" not printed
0
注:解释器认为以下值表示false:
False None 0 "" () [] {}
功能短路行为:any(), all():
Python的any()和all()功能还支持短路.如docs所示,它们按顺序计算序列的每个元素,直到找到允许在计算中早期退出的结果。考虑下面的例子来理解这两种情况。
功能any()检查是否有任何元素为True。一旦遇到True,它就停止执行,并返回True。
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [1, 2, 3, 4]) # bool(1) = True
executed
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 2, 3, 4])
executed # bool(0) = False
executed # bool(2) = True
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
executed
True
功能all()检查所有元素是否为true,并在遇到false时立即停止执行:
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
False
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [1, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
False
连锁比较中的短路行为:
此外,在Python中
比较可以被任意链接。;例如,x < y <= z等于x < y and y <= z,除了y只计算一次(但在这两种情况下)z时,则根本不进行评估。x < y被发现是假的)。
>>> 5 > 6 > fun(3) # same as: 5 > 6 and 6 > fun(3)
False # 5 > 6 is False so fun() not called and "executed" NOT printed
>>> 5 < 6 > fun(3) # 5 < 6 is True
executed # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
True
>>> 4 <= 6 > fun(7) # 4 <= 6 is True
executed # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) < 3 # only prints "executed" once
executed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) and fun(6) < 3 # prints "executed" twice, because the second part executes it again
executed
executed
False
编辑:
还有一点值得注意:-逻辑and, orPython中的运算符返回操作数的价值而不是布尔(True或False)。例如:
操作x and y给出结果if x is false, then x, else y
与其他语言不同的是。&&, ||C中返回0或1的运算符。
例子:
>>> 3 and 5 # Second operand evaluated and returned
5
>>> 3 and ()
()
>>> () and 5 # Second operand NOT evaluated as first operand () is false
() # so first operand returned
类似or运算符返回最左边的值,其中bool(value) == True其他最正确的错误值(根据短路行为),示例:
>>> 2 or 5 # left most operand bool(2) == True
2
>>> 0 or 5 # bool(0) == False and bool(5) == True
5
>>> 0 or ()
()
那么,这有什么用呢?中给出的一个示例使用实用Python马格努斯·利·赫特兰:
假设用户应该输入他或她的名字,但是可以选择不输入任何内容,在这种情况下,您需要使用默认值'<unknown>'..您可以使用if语句,但也可以非常简洁地说明:
In [171]: name = raw_input('Enter Name: ') or '<Unkown>'
Enter Name:
In [172]: name
Out[172]: '<Unkown>'
换句话说,如果RAW_INPUT的返回值为true(而不是空字符串),则将其赋值为name(不变);否则,默认'<unknown>'分配给name.
TA贡献1802条经验 获得超6个赞
>>>False and 3/0False>>>True and 3/0ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
>>>True or 3/0True>>>False or 3/0ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
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