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TA贡献1810条经验 获得超4个赞
它做了5件事:
它创建了一个新对象。该对象的类型只是对象。
它将此新对象的内部,不可访问,[[prototype]](即__ proto__)属性设置为构造函数的外部可访问原型对象(每个函数对象自动具有原型属性)。
它使this变量指向新创建的对象。
它执行构造函数,只要this提到就使用新创建的对象。
它返回新创建的对象,除非构造函数返回非null对象引用。在这种情况下,将返回该对象引用。
注意:构造函数是指new关键字后面的函数,如
new ConstructorFunction(arg1, arg2)
完成此操作后,如果请求新对象的未定义属性,脚本将检查该对象的[[prototype]]对象。这就是你如何在JavaScript中获得类似于传统类继承的东西。
关于这一点最困难的部分是第2点。每个对象(包括函数)都有一个名为[[prototype]]的内部属性。它只能在对象创建时设置,可以是new,使用Object.create,也可以是基于文字(函数默认为Function.prototype,数字为Number.prototype等)。它只能用Object.getPrototypeOf(someObject)读取。有没有其他的方式来设置或读取此值。
除了[[prototype]]属性之外,函数还有一个名为prototype的属性,您可以访问和修改这些属性,为您创建的对象提供继承的属性和方法。
这是一个例子:
ObjMaker = function() {this.a = 'first';};
// ObjMaker is just a function, there's nothing special about it that makes
// it a constructor.
ObjMaker.prototype.b = 'second';
// like all functions, ObjMaker has an accessible prototype property that
// we can alter. I just added a property called 'b' to it. Like
// all objects, ObjMaker also has an inaccessible [[prototype]] property
// that we can't do anything with
obj1 = new ObjMaker();
// 3 things just happened.
// A new, empty object was created called obj1. At first obj1 was the same
// as {}. The [[prototype]] property of obj1 was then set to the current
// object value of the ObjMaker.prototype (if ObjMaker.prototype is later
// assigned a new object value, obj1's [[prototype]] will not change, but you
// can alter the properties of ObjMaker.prototype to add to both the
// prototype and [[prototype]]). The ObjMaker function was executed, with
// obj1 in place of this... so obj1.a was set to 'first'.
obj1.a;
// returns 'first'
obj1.b;
// obj1 doesn't have a property called 'b', so JavaScript checks
// its [[prototype]]. Its [[prototype]] is the same as ObjMaker.prototype
// ObjMaker.prototype has a property called 'b' with value 'second'
// returns 'second'
这就像类继承一样,因为现在,您使用的任何对象new ObjMaker()也似乎都继承了'b'属性。
如果你想要类似子类的东西,那么你这样做:
SubObjMaker = function () {};
SubObjMaker.prototype = new ObjMaker(); // note: this pattern is deprecated!
// Because we used 'new', the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is now set to the object value of ObjMaker.prototype.
// The modern way to do this is with Object.create(), which was added in ECMAScript 5:
// SubObjMaker.prototype = Object.create(ObjMaker.prototype);
SubObjMaker.prototype.c = 'third';
obj2 = new SubObjMaker();
// [[prototype]] property of obj2 is now set to SubObjMaker.prototype
// Remember that the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is ObjMaker.prototype. So now obj2 has a prototype chain!
// obj2 ---> SubObjMaker.prototype ---> ObjMaker.prototype
obj2.c;
// returns 'third', from SubObjMaker.prototype
obj2.b;
// returns 'second', from ObjMaker.prototype
obj2.a;
// returns 'first', from SubObjMaker.prototype, because SubObjMaker.prototype
// was created with the ObjMaker function, which assigned a for us
在最终找到这个页面之前,我读了很多关于这个主题的垃圾,这里用漂亮的图表很好地解释了这个问题。
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