ArrayList
1.动态数组
2.线程不安全
3.存储空间连续
4.查询快,添加删除慢
构造方法
/** + Shared empty array instance used for default sized empty instances. We + distinguish this from EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA to know how much to inflate when + first element is added. */private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};/** + Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten. */public ArrayList() { this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; }
这个构造方法很简单,初始化了一个空的elementData,并没有赋予数组长度
元素添加
/** + Default initial capacity. */private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;/** + The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored. + The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any + empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA + will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added. */transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access/** + The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains). * + @serial */private int size;/** + Appends the specified element to the end of this list. * + @param e element to be appended to this list + @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) */public boolean add(E e) { // 首先进行扩充 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! // 将元素追加到最后 elementData[size++] = e; return true; }// 扩充private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) { ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity)); }// 计算数组大小 第一次调用此处的elementData={},所以返回值为DEFAULT_CAPACITY=10,也就是默认的数组长度是10private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) { if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) { return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity); } return minCapacity; }private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) { modCount++; // overflow-conscious code if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0) // 当加上当前元素后的集合长度(size)大于现在数组长度(elementData.length)在进行扩充 grow(minCapacity); }// 真正的扩充操作private void grow(int minCapacity) { // overflow-conscious code int oldCapacity = elementData.length; // 此处oldCapacity=0 int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); // 此处newCapacity=0 if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0) // 此处minCapacity=10 newCapacity = minCapacity; // 此处newCapacity=10 if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity); // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win: elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); //数组拷贝}
真正的数组长度是在第一次添加的时候进行初始化的,默认为10
最主要的消耗是在扩容(数组拷贝)
当集合长度大于数组长度的时候进行扩充,扩充的标准是1.5倍[oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)]
查询
public E get(int index) { rangeCheck(index);// 校验 return elementData(index); }E elementData(int index) { return (E) elementData[index]; }
Vector
1.动态数组,类似于ArrayList
2.线程安全
3.消耗大
构造方法
public Vector() { this(10); // initialCapacity初始容量}
元素添加
/** * Appends the specified element to the end of this Vector. * * @param e element to be appended to this Vector * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) * @since 1.2 */public synchronized boolean add(E e) { modCount++; ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1); elementData[elementCount++] = e; return true; }
被synchronized修饰,线程安全,但是效率较低
在指定位置添加元素
public void add(int index, E element) { insertElementAt(element, index); }public synchronized void insertElementAt(E obj, int index) { modCount++; if (index > elementCount) { throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index - " > " + elementCount); } ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1); System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, elementCount - index); elementData[index] = obj; elementCount++; }
LinkedList
1.双向链表:jdk1.7/8以后
2.插入快,查询慢
构造函数
/** * Constructs an empty list. */public LinkedList() { }
空的构造方法
元素添加
public boolean add(E e) { linkLast(e); return true; }void linkLast(E e) { final Node<E> l = last; final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null); last = newNode; if (l == null) first = newNode; else l.next = newNode; size++; modCount++; }
默认添加到链表结尾,prev指向原结尾元素,原结尾元素next指针指向新添加元素,并记录结尾元素为新添加元素。只有指针移动,并没有数组拷贝,所以插入效率较快
查询
public E get(int index) { checkElementIndex(index); return node(index).item; }Node<E> node(int index) { // assert isElementIndex(index); if (index < (size >> 1)) { Node<E> x = first; for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) x = x.next; return x; } else { Node<E> x = last; for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--) x = x.prev; return x; } }
查询采用二分法查找,先将数组拆分成一半,然后进行遍历。所以查询较慢。当index值接近二分之一size时,更慢。
HashMap
1.存储结构:数组+链表/数组+红黑树
2.线程不安全
构造方法
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;public HashMap() { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted}
没有初始化数组,负载因子为0.75
添加元素
public V put(K key, V value) { return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true); }final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) //[1] n = (tab = resize()).length; // [2] if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) [// [3] tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null); // [4] else { Node<K,V> e; K k; if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))// [5] e = p; // [6] else if (p instanceof TreeNode) // [7] e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); //[8] else { //[9] for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { if ((e = p.next) == null) { // [10] p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); // [11] if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st [12] treeifyBin(tab, hash); // [13] break; } if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) // [14] break; p = e; } } if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key [15] V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) // [16] e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; } } ++modCount; if (++size > threshold) // [17] resize(); afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null; }
[1]判断table是否为null,长度是否为0,table用于扩充时记录扩充后的新数组
[2]进行数组扩充,将新数组赋值给tab,n为新数组的长度
[3]判断新key需要存储的数组节点是否有值
[4]如果没有值,直接存储于该节点,如果当前数组节点有值
[5]判断新key与当前存储的key是否相同
[6]记录当前存储元素到e
[7]判断当前节点是否为数节点
[8]进行树节点操作
[9]当前节点存储的key与新key不同,并且不是树形结构(链表结构)
[10]循环遍历,找到链表的尾节点
[11]将新元素追加到链表的末尾,即原尾节点的next指针指向新元素
[12]当链表的长度达到8时,转为树形结构[13]
[14]循环过程中如果发现存储的key与新key相同,则中断循环
[15]如果存在匹配的key,则替换value
[16]返回旧值
[17]能走到这里说明是新增元素,并不是更新元素,判断当前集合长度是否大于threshold(threshold=当前集合长度*0.75),如果大于需要进行扩充
// 扩容final Node<K,V>[] resize() { Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table; // [1] int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length; //[2] int oldThr = threshold; // [3] int newCap, newThr = 0; if (oldCap > 0) { if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { // [4] threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; return oldTab; } else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) // [5] newThr = oldThr << 1; } else if (oldThr > 0) // [6] newCap = oldThr; else { // [7] newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY; newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY); } if (newThr == 0) { // [8] float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor; newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ? (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE); } threshold = newThr; // [9] @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"}) Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap]; table = newTab; // [10] if (oldTab != null) { for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {// [11] Node<K,V> e; if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {// [12] oldTab[j] = null; if (e.next == null) newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e; else if (e instanceof TreeNode) // [13] ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap); else { // preserve order [14] Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null; Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null; Node<K,V> next; do { next = e.next; if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) { if (loTail == null) loHead = e; else loTail.next = e; loTail = e; } else { if (hiTail == null) hiHead = e; else hiTail.next = e; hiTail = e; } } while ((e = next) != null); if (loTail != null) { loTail.next = null; newTab[j] = loHead; } if (hiTail != null) { hiTail.next = null; newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead; } } } } } return newTab; }
[1]oldTab用来记录上次扩充的table
[2]oldCap用来记录上次扩充table的长度
[3]oldThr用来记录上次扩充的阈值
[4]如果oldCap大于等于最大值(2^30),threshold等于2^30-1,直接返回,不在进行扩充
[5]newCap等于(oldCap*
2),如果newCap小于最大值(2^30)并且oldCap大于初始值(2^4),则newThr=oldThr*
2
[6]如果oldThr大于0,则newCap等于oldThr,上次扩充的阈值
[7]如果oldCap和oldThr都不大于0,则newCap等于2^4,newThr等于2^4*
0.75(首次扩充)
[8]当oldCap小于2^4的时,newThr等于0,newThr=2*
oldCap*
0.75
[9]threshold等于newThr,记录下次需要扩充的阈值
[10]创建新的Node数字,长度为newCap
[11]如果oldTab不为空,则遍历这个数组
[12]将原数组的元素散列到新数组中
[13]以红黑树的结构重新散列元素
[14]以链表的结构重新散列元素
get方法,先根据key计算出对应的数组指针位置,然后遍历链表或者红黑树获取相同key的元素
Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> entryIterator = map.entrySet().iterator(); while (entryIterator.hasNext()) { Map.Entry<String, Integer> next = entryIterator.next(); System.out.println("key=" + next.getKey() + " value=" + next.getValue()); }
Iterator<String> iterator = map.keySet().iterator(); while (iterator.hasNext()){ String key = iterator.next(); System.out.println("key=" + key + " value=" + map.get(key)); }
map.forEach((key,value)->{ System.out.println("key=" + key + " value=" + value); });
hashmap只能在单线程中使用,并尽量减少扩容,循环链表的时间复杂度是O(n),O(logn)
多线程场景下推荐使用ConcurrentHashMap
ConcurrentHashMap
Object put(Object key, int hash, Object value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) { lock(); try { int c = count; if (c++ > threshold) // ensure capacity rehash(); HashEntry[] tab = table; int index = hash & (tab.length - 1); HashEntry first = tab[index]; HashEntry e = first; while (e != null && (e.hash != hash || !key.equals(e.key))) e = e.next; Object oldValue; if (e != null) { oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent) e.value = value; } else { oldValue = null; ++modCount; tab[index] = new HashEntry(key, hash, first, value); count = c; // write-volatile } return oldValue; } finally { unlock(); } }
ConcurrentHashMap之所以是线程安全的是因为在添加元素的时候先上了一个锁,操作完成在解锁。
HashSet
1.hashmap存储数据
2.不允许存储重复元素的集合
构造方法
public HashSet() { map = new HashMap<>(); }
添加元素
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();public boolean add(E e) { return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null; }
此方法将添加的元素e作为hashmap的key,value都是相同的PRESENT,因为hashmap的key是不允许重复的,所以相同的元素添加进来,后添加的会覆盖先添加的,这就是不允许重复的原因
原文出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/Smilence1024/p/9605846.html
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