HashMap 是 Java 开发过程中常用的工具类之一,也是面试过程中常问的内容,此篇文件通过作者自己的理解和网上众多资料对其进行一个解析。作者本地的 JDK 版本为 64 位的 1.8.0_171。参考资料推荐以下两篇文章:
https://www.cnblogs.com/little-fly/p/7344285.html
数据结构
结合上图及源码可以看出,HashMap 底层数据结构为 Node 类型数组,Node 类型为 HashMap 的内部类,数据结构为链表。
/** * The table, initialized on first use, and resized as * necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two. * (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow * bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.) */transient Node<K,V>[] table;/** * Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for * TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.) */static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> { final int hash; final K key; V value; Node<K,V> next; Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) { this.hash = hash; this.key = key; this.value = value; this.next = next; } public final K getKey() { return key; } public final V getValue() { return value; } public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; } public final int hashCode() { return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value); } public final V setValue(V newValue) { V oldValue = value; value = newValue; return oldValue; } public final boolean equals(Object o) { if (o == this) return true; if (o instanceof Map.Entry) { Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o; if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) && Objects.equals(value, e.getValue())) return true; } return false; } }
初始大小
HashMap 默认的初始大小为 16,如有特殊情况下需要自定义初始化大小时可调用 HashMap(int initialCapacity) 方法进行自定义。
/** * The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two. */static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and the default load factor (0.75). * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative. */public HashMap(int initialCapacity) { this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR); }
负载因子
负载因子默认为 0.75,当 HashMap 当前已使用容量大于当前大小 * 负载因子时,自动扩容一倍空间,如有特殊情况下需要自定义初始化大小时可调用 以下方法进行自定义。
/** * The load factor used when none specified in constructor. */static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and load factor. * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity * @param loadFactor the load factor * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative * or the load factor is nonpositive */public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) { if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity); if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY; if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor); this.loadFactor = loadFactor; this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity); }
树型阀值
树型阀值这个名字是作者根据字面意思自己翻译的,大家看看就好了,对应参数为TREEIFY_THRESHOLD,之前提到过 HashMap 的结构为 Node 型数组,而 Node 的数据结构为链表,树型阀值就是当链表长度超过这个值时,将 Node 的数据结构修改为红黑树,以便优化查找时间,默认值为8
/** * The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a * bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a * bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater * than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in * tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon * shrinkage. */static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
初始化
HashMap 提供以下四种构造方法进行初始化,前三种主要区别在于设置以上介绍的几个参数,第四种方法为通过其他 Map 实现创建 HashMap。
/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and load factor. * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity * @param loadFactor the load factor * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative * or the load factor is nonpositive */public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) { if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity); if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY; if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor); this.loadFactor = loadFactor; this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity); }/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and the default load factor (0.75). * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative. */public HashMap(int initialCapacity) { this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR); }/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity * (16) and the default load factor (0.75). */public HashMap() { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted}/** * Constructs a new <tt>HashMap</tt> with the same mappings as the * specified <tt>Map</tt>. The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with * default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to * hold the mappings in the specified <tt>Map</tt>. * * @param m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null */public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; putMapEntries(m, false); }
设置 HashMap 的值
put 方法是 HashMap 中使用率非常高的 API 之一,其源码实现如下,通过源码我们可以发现其原理主要分为以下两步:
对 key 进行 hash 运算,然后再与当前 map 最后一个下标进行与运算确定其在数组中的位置,正是因为这个算法,我们可以得知 HashMap 中元素是无序的。
确定其下标以后,如果当前位置为空则直接赋值,如果不为空则放到下一个节点,如果当前为链表且添加元素后的长度达到树型阀值,则将链表转换为红黑树
/** * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old * value is replaced. * * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated * @param value value to be associated with the specified key * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or * <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>. * (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map * previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.) */public V put(K key, V value) { return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true); }/** * Implements Map.put and related methods * * @param hash hash for key * @param key the key * @param value the value to put * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode. * @return previous value, or null if none */final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) n = (tab = resize()).length; if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null); else { Node<K,V> e; K k; if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) e = p; else if (p instanceof TreeNode) e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); else { for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { if ((e = p.next) == null) { p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st treeifyBin(tab, hash); break; } if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) break; p = e; } } if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; } } ++modCount; if (++size > threshold) resize(); afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null; }
获取HashMap中的值
get 方法同样是 HashMap 中常用的 API 之一,参照其源码,其原理与 put 方法正好相反,分为以下两个部分:
根据 key 的 hash 运算值获取数组中对应下标的内容
循环链表或红黑树,然后匹配 value 值直至获得对应的值或返回 null
/** * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key. * * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null : * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise * it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.) * * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i> * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}. * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to * distinguish these two cases. * * @see #put(Object, Object) */public V get(Object key) { Node<K,V> e; return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value; }/** * Implements Map.get and related methods * * @param hash hash for key * @param key the key * @return the node, or null if none */final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k; if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 && (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) { if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) return first; if ((e = first.next) != null) { if (first instanceof TreeNode) return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key); do { if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) return e; } while ((e = e.next) != null); } } return null; }/** * Calls find for root node. */final TreeNode<K,V> getTreeNode(int h, Object k) { return ((parent != null) ? root() : this).find(h, k, null); }
原文出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/aotian/p/9491346.html
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