介绍一个自己造的轮子,Python2异常链。
需求
习惯了用java撸码,虽说胶水代码多,但能比较好的用代码表达思路;而Python则简洁到了简陋的地步——各种鸡肋的语法糖,各种不完善的机制。比如错误处理。
Python2没有异常链,让问题排查变得非常困难:
# coding=utf-8import sysclass UnexpectedError(StandardError): passdef divide(division, divided): if division == 0: raise ValueError("illegal input: %s, %s" % (division, divided)) ans = division / divided return ans a = 0b = 0try: print divide(a, b)except ValueError as e: # m_counter.inc("err", 1) raise UnexpectedError("illegal input: %s, %s" % (a, b))except ZeroDivisionError as e: # m_counter.inc("err", 1) raise UnexpectedError("divide by zero")except StandardError as e: # m_counter.inc("err", 1) raise UnexpectedError("other error...")
打印异常如下:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/monkeysayhi/PycharmProjects/Wheel/utils/tmp/tmp.py", line 22, in <module> raise UnexpectedError("illegal input: %s, %s" % (a, b)) __main__.UnexpectedError: illegal input: 0, 0
不考虑代码风格,是标准的Python2异常处理方式:分别捕获异常,再统一成一个异常,只有msg不同,重新抛出。这种写法又丑又冗余,顶多可以改成这样:
try: print divide(a, b)except StandardError as e: # m_counter.inc("err", 1) raise UnexpectedError(e.message)
即便如此,也无法解决一个最严重的问题:明明是11行抛出的异常,但打印出来的异常栈却只能追踪到22行重新抛出异常的raise
语句。重点在于没有记录cause,使我们追踪到22行之后,不知道为什么会抛出cause,也就无法定位到实际发生问题的代码。
异常链
最理想的方式,还是在异常栈中打印异常链:
try: print divide(a, b)except StandardError as cause: # m_counter.inc("err", 1) raise UnexpectedError("some msg", cause)
就像Java的异常栈,区分“要抛出的异常UnexpectedError和引起该异常的原因cause”:
java.lang.RuntimeException: level 2 exception at com.msh.demo.exceptionStack.Test.fun2(Test.java:17) at com.msh.demo.exceptionStack.Test.main(Test.java:24) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:147)Caused by: java.io.IOException: level 1 exception at com.msh.demo.exceptionStack.Test.fun1(Test.java:10) at com.msh.demo.exceptionStack.Test.fun2(Test.java:15) ... 6 more
上述异常栈表示,RuntimeException由IOException导致;1行与9行下是各异常的调用路径trace。不熟悉Java异常栈的可参考你真的会阅读Java的异常信息吗?。
轮子
调研让我们拒绝重复造轮子
Python3已经支持了异常链,通过from关键字即可记录cause。
Python2 future包提供的所谓异常链raise_from
我是完全没明白到哪里打印了cause:
from future.utils import raise_fromclass DatabaseError(Exception): passclass FileDatabase: def __init__(self, filename): try: self.file = open(filename) except IOError as exc: raise_from(DatabaseError('failed to open'), exc)# testfd = FileDatabase('non_existent_file.txt')
那么,11行抛出的IOError呢???似乎仅仅多了一句无效信息(future包里的raise e
)。
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/mobkeysayhi/PycharmProjects/Wheel/utils/tmp/tmp.py", line 17, in <module> fd = FileDatabase('non_existent_file.txt') File "/Users/mobkeysayhi/PycharmProjects/Wheel/utils/tmp/tmp.py", line 13, in __init__ raise_from(DatabaseError('failed to open'), exc) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/future/utils/__init__.py", line 454, in raise_from raise e __main__.DatabaseError: failed to open
有知道正确姿势的求点破。
没找到重复轮子真是极好的
非常简单:
import tracebackclass TracedError(BaseException): def __init__(self, msg="", cause=None): trace_msg = msg if cause is not None: _spfile = SimpleFile() traceback.print_exc(file=_spfile) _cause_tm = _spfile.read() trace_msg += "\n" \ + "\nCaused by:\n\n" \ + _cause_tm super(TracedError, self).__init__(trace_msg)class ErrorWrapper(TracedError): def __init__(self, cause): super(ErrorWrapper, self).__init__("Just wrapping cause", cause)class SimpleFile(object): def __init__(self, ): super(SimpleFile, self).__init__() self.buffer = "" def write(self, str): self.buffer += str def read(self): return self.buffer
目前只支持单线程模型,github上有doc和测试用例,戳我戳我。
一个测试输出如下:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/monkeysayhi/PycharmProjects/Wheel/utils/exception_chain/traced_error.py", line 68, in <module> __test() File "/Users/monkeysayhi/PycharmProjects/Wheel/utils/exception_chain/traced_error.py", line 64, in __test raise MyError("test MyError", e) __main__.MyError: test MyError Caused by:Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/monkeysayhi/PycharmProjects/Wheel/utils/exception_chain/traced_error.py", line 62, in __test zero_division() File "/Users/monkeysayhi/PycharmProjects/Wheel/utils/exception_chain/traced_error.py", line 58, in zero_division a = 1 / 0ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
另外,为方便处理后重新抛出某些异常,还提供了ErrorWrapper,仅接收一个cause作为参数。用法如下:
for pid in pids: # process might have died before getting to this line # so wrap to avoid OSError: no such process try: os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL) except OSError as os_e: if os.path.isdir("/proc/%d" % int(pid)): logging.warn("Timeout but fail to kill process, still exist: %d, " % int(pid)) raise ErrorWrapper(os_e) logging.debug("Timeout but no need to kill process, already no such process: %d" % int(pid))
参考:
作者:猴子007
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/2b291f69b1d4
共同学习,写下你的评论
评论加载中...
作者其他优质文章