1、观察者模式概述:
观察者模式(Observer Pattern):定义对象之间的一种一对多依赖关系,使得每当一个对象状态发生改变时,其相关依赖对象皆得到通知并自动更新。观察者模式的别名包括发布-订阅(Publish/Subscribe)模式、模型-视图(Model/View)模式。观察者模式是一种对象行为型模式《设计模式的艺术》
使用场景:
观察者模式是使用频率最高的设计模式之一,主要用于建立对象之间的一种一对多的依赖关系。通过发布订阅的方式,实现对象之间的解耦合。主要用于当一个对象状态改变时,另外一个对象会随之变化的场景。一个目标可以对于多个观察者,各个观察者之间互不联系,只关注目标状态的改变。
2、代理模式UML类图:
Subject(抽象目标类):目标又称之为主题,它是指被观察的对象。在抽象目标类中会定义一个抽象观察者的集合,并定义增加和删除、通知观察者的相关接口。
ConcreteSubject(具体目标):作为抽象目标类的子类,实现抽象目标类定义的接口。当具体目标状态发生变化时,通过观察者。
Observer(抽象观察者):所谓所有观察者的公共父类,定义观察者的共同行为接口。
ConcreteObserver(具体观察者):作为抽象观察者的子类,实现相关接口,当收到具体目标状态改变的通知,执行具体业务逻辑。
3、EventBus源码分析:
EventBus是Android平台下用于应用内各组件或者模块间通信的一个类库,其主要实现思想为观察者模式。
//以下代码为观察者注册和监听的相关代码class TestActivity: Activity(){ override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) //注册该Activity为观察者 EventBus.getDefault().register(this) } override fun onDestroy() { super.onDestroy() //注销注册 EventBus.getDefault().unregister(this) } //接收通知方法 @Subscribe(threadMode = ThreadMode.MAIN) fun receiveEvent(message: String?) { Log.i("TestActivity", "receive a message is $message") } }class MainActivity : BaseActivity(){ override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) //发送消息 EventBus.getDefault().post("send message") } }
//Eventbus源码,观察者注册过程 public void register(Object subscriber) { Class<?> subscriberClass = subscriber.getClass(); //寻找类中的订阅方法(通过Subscribe注解) List<SubscriberMethod> subscriberMethods = subscriberMethodFinder.findSubscriberMethods(subscriberClass); synchronized (this) { for (SubscriberMethod subscriberMethod : subscriberMethods) { //拿到类中带有Subscribe注解的方法后,将该类注册为观察者 subscribe(subscriber, subscriberMethod); } } } List<SubscriberMethod> findSubscriberMethods(Class<?> subscriberClass) { List<SubscriberMethod> subscriberMethods = METHOD_CACHE.get(subscriberClass); if (subscriberMethods != null) { return subscriberMethods; } if (ignoreGeneratedIndex) { //通过反射方法拿到类中方法的注解信息 subscriberMethods = findUsingReflection(subscriberClass); } else { subscriberMethods = findUsingInfo(subscriberClass); } if (subscriberMethods.isEmpty()) { throw new EventBusException("Subscriber " + subscriberClass + " and its super classes have no public methods with the @Subscribe annotation"); } else { METHOD_CACHE.put(subscriberClass, subscriberMethods); return subscriberMethods; } } //下述subscribribe方法才是真正的注册观察者方法 // Must be called in synchronized block private void subscribe(Object subscriber, SubscriberMethod subscriberMethod) { Class<?> eventType = subscriberMethod.eventType; Subscription newSubscription = new Subscription(subscriber, subscriberMethod); CopyOnWriteArrayList<Subscription> subscriptions = subscriptionsByEventType.get(eventType); if (subscriptions == null) { subscriptions = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>(); subscriptionsByEventType.put(eventType, subscriptions); } else { if (subscriptions.contains(newSubscription)) { throw new EventBusException("Subscriber " + subscriber.getClass() + " already registered to event " + eventType); } } int size = subscriptions.size(); for (int i = 0; i <= size; i++) { if (i == size || subscriberMethod.priority > subscriptions.get(i).subscriberMethod.priority) { //将该类对应的subscription对象加入到监听站集合中 subscriptions.add(i, newSubscription); break; } } List<Class<?>> subscribedEvents = typesBySubscriber.get(subscriber); if (subscribedEvents == null) { subscribedEvents = new ArrayList<>(); typesBySubscriber.put(subscriber, subscribedEvents); } subscribedEvents.add(eventType); if (subscriberMethod.sticky) { if (eventInheritance) { // Existing sticky events of all subclasses of eventType have to be considered. // Note: Iterating over all events may be inefficient with lots of sticky events, // thus data structure should be changed to allow a more efficient lookup // (e.g. an additional map storing sub classes of super classes: Class -> List<Class>). Set<Map.Entry<Class<?>, Object>> entries = stickyEvents.entrySet(); for (Map.Entry<Class<?>, Object> entry : entries) { Class<?> candidateEventType = entry.getKey(); if (eventType.isAssignableFrom(candidateEventType)) { Object stickyEvent = entry.getValue(); checkPostStickyEventToSubscription(newSubscription, stickyEvent); } } } else { Object stickyEvent = stickyEvents.get(eventType); checkPostStickyEventToSubscription(newSubscription, stickyEvent); } } }
/** Posts the given event to the event bus. */ public void post(Object event) { //先将该时间加入到队列 PostingThreadState postingState = currentPostingThreadState.get(); List<Object> eventQueue = postingState.eventQueue; eventQueue.add(event); if (!postingState.isPosting) { postingState.isMainThread = isMainThread(); postingState.isPosting = true; if (postingState.canceled) { throw new EventBusException("Internal error. Abort state was not reset"); } try { while (!eventQueue.isEmpty()) { postSingleEvent(eventQueue.remove(0), postingState); } } finally { postingState.isPosting = false; postingState.isMainThread = false; } } } private void postSingleEvent(Object event, PostingThreadState postingState) throws Error { Class<?> eventClass = event.getClass(); boolean subscriptionFound = false; if (eventInheritance) { List<Class<?>> eventTypes = lookupAllEventTypes(eventClass); int countTypes = eventTypes.size(); for (int h = 0; h < countTypes; h++) { Class<?> clazz = eventTypes.get(h); subscriptionFound |= postSingleEventForEventType(event, postingState, clazz); } } else { subscriptionFound = postSingleEventForEventType(event, postingState, eventClass); } if (!subscriptionFound) { if (logNoSubscriberMessages) { logger.log(Level.FINE, "No subscribers registered for event " + eventClass); } if (sendNoSubscriberEvent && eventClass != NoSubscriberEvent.class && eventClass != SubscriberExceptionEvent.class) { post(new NoSubscriberEvent(this, event)); } } } //最终调用的方法 void invokeSubscriber(Subscription subscription, Object event) { try { //通过反射调用监听者的方法 subscription.subscriberMethod.method.invoke(subscription.subscriber, event); } catch (InvocationTargetException e) { handleSubscriberException(subscription, event, e.getCause()); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected exception", e); } }
EventBus的设计充分体现观察者模式的思想,消息发布者与订阅者之间充分解耦合。接口实现灵活度高,EventBus类作为整个库的核心,完成订阅与发布的功能,使得目标与观察者能够很好的通信。此外,观察者模式应用于MVC架构上,实现表示出与数据逻辑层的分离。
4、优缺点分析:
优点:
1)在观察者和目标之间解耦合;
2)支持广播通信,简化一对多系统设计;
3)符合开闭原则,扩展性好;
缺点:
1)目标状态改变时,会将变化通知到所有观察者,时间消耗较大;
结束语
观察者模式作为一种很常用和实用的设计模式,常在广播实现、MVC等架构上应用。对于降低系统耦合下,提高系统的扩展性很有用。一对多关系的模型较适合使用。
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