可靠的功能测试, 意味着在任何时候, 获取的测试结果均相同, 这就需要模拟(Mock)数据. 测试框架可以使用Android推荐的Espresso. 模拟数据可以使用Dagger2, 一种依赖注入框架.
单元测试通常会模拟所有依赖, 避免出现不可靠的情况, 而功能测试也可以这样做. 一个经典的例子是如何模拟稳定的网络数据, 可以使用Dagger2处理这种情况.
本文源码的GitHub下载地址
Dagger2已经成为众多Android开发者的必备工具, 是一个快速的依赖注入框架,由Square开发,并针对Android做了特别优化, 已经被Google进行Fork开发. 不像其他的依赖注入器, Dagger2没有使用反射, 而是使用预生成代码, 提高执行速度.H
Talk is cheap! 我来讲解下如何实现.
配置依赖环境
主要:
(1) Lambda表达式支持.
(2) Dagger2依赖注入框架.
(3) RxAndroid响应式编程框架.
(4) Retrofit2网络库框架.
(5) Espresso测试框架.
(6) DataBinding数据绑定支持.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 | buildscript { repositories { jcenter() } dependencies { classpath 'com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8' } } // Lambda表达式 plugins { id "me.tatarka.retrolambda" version "3.2.4" } apply plugin: 'com.android.application' apply plugin: 'com.neenbedankt.android-apt' // 注释处理 final BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION = '23.0.1' android { compileSdkVersion 23 buildToolsVersion "${BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION}" defaultConfig { applicationId "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo" minSdkVersion 16 targetSdkVersion 23 versionCode 1 versionName "1.0" testInstrumentationRunner "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.runner.WeatherTestRunner" } buildTypes { release { minifyEnabled false proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro' } } // 注释冲突 packagingOptions { exclude 'META-INF/services/javax.annotation.processing.Processor' } // 使用Java1.8 compileOptions { sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8 targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8 } // 数据绑定 dataBinding { enabled = true } } final DAGGER_VERSION = '2.0.2' final RETROFIT_VERSION = '2.0.0-beta2' dependencies { compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar']) testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12' // Warning:Conflict with dependency 'com.android.support:support-annotations'. // Resolved versions for app (23.1.1) and test app (23.0.1) differ. // See http://g.co/androidstudio/app-test-app-conflict for details. compile "com.android.support:appcompat-v7:${BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION}" // 需要与BuildTools保持一致 compile 'com.jakewharton:butterknife:7.0.1' // 标注 compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2 compile "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2 compile 'io.reactivex:rxandroid:1.1.0' // RxAndroid compile 'io.reactivex:rxjava:1.1.0' // 推荐同时加载RxJava compile "com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit网络处理 compile "com.squareup.retrofit:adapter-rxjava:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit的rx解析库 compile "com.squareup.retrofit:converter-gson:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit的gson库 compile 'com.squareup.okhttp:logging-interceptor:2.6.0' // 拦截器 // 测试的编译 androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.4.1' // Android JUnit Runner androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.4.1' // JUnit4 Rules androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.1' // Espresso core provided 'javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0' // Java标注 } |
Lambda表达式支持, 优雅整洁代码的关键.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | // Lambda表达式 plugins { id "me.tatarka.retrolambda" version "3.2.4" } android { // 使用Java1.8 compileOptions { sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8 targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8 } } |
Dagger2依赖注入框架, 实现依赖注入. android-apt使用生成代码的插件.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | buildscript { repositories { jcenter() } dependencies { classpath 'com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8' } } apply plugin: 'com.neenbedankt.android-apt' // 注释处理 dependencies { compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2 compile "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2 provided 'javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0' // Java标注 } |
测试, 在默认配置中添加Runner, 在依赖中添加espresso库.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | android{ defaultConfig { testInstrumentationRunner "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.runner.WeatherTestRunner" } } dependencies { testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12' // 测试的编译 androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.4.1' // Android JUnit Runner androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.4.1' // JUnit4 Rules androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.1' // Espresso core } |
数据绑定
1 2 3 4 5 6 | android{ // 数据绑定 dataBinding { enabled = true } } |
设置项目
使用数据绑定, 实现了简单的搜索天功能.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 | /** * 实现简单的查询天气的功能. * * @author wangchenlong */ public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private ActivityMainBinding mBinding; // 数据绑定 private MenuItem mSearchItem; // 菜单项 private Subscription mSubscription; // 订阅 @Inject WeatherApiClient mWeatherApiClient; // 天气客户端 @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); ((WeatherApplication) getApplication()).getAppComponent().inject(this); mBinding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this, R.layout.activity_main); } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_activity_main, menu); // 加载目录资源 mSearchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.menu_action_search); tintSearchMenuItem(); initSearchView(); return true; } // 搜索项着色, 会覆盖基础颜色, 取交集. private void tintSearchMenuItem() { int color = ContextCompat.getColor(this, android.R.color.white); // 白色 mSearchItem.getIcon().setColorFilter(color, PorterDuff.Mode.SRC_IN); // 交集 } // 搜索项初始化 private void initSearchView() { SearchView searchView = (SearchView) MenuItemCompat.getActionView(mSearchItem); searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(new SearchView.OnQueryTextListener() { @Override public boolean onQueryTextSubmit(String query) { MenuItemCompat.collapseActionView(mSearchItem); loadWeatherData(query); // 加载查询数据 return true; } @Override public boolean onQueryTextChange(String newText) { return false; } }); } // 加载天气数据 private void loadWeatherData(String cityName) { mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE); mSubscription = mWeatherApiClient .getWeatherForCity(cityName) .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread()) .subscribe(this::bindData, this::bindDataError); } // 绑定天气数据 private void bindData(WeatherData weatherData) { mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE); mBinding.weatherLayout.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE); mBinding.setWeatherData(weatherData); } // 绑定数据失败 private void bindDataError(Throwable throwable) { mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE); } @Override protected void onDestroy() { if (mSubscription != null) { mSubscription.unsubscribe(); } super.onDestroy(); } } |
数据绑定实现数据和显示分离, 解耦项目, 易于管理, 非常适合数据展示页面.
在layout中设置数据.
1 2 3 4 5 | <data> <variable name="weatherData" type="clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.data.WeatherData"/> </data> |
在代码中绑定数据.
1 2 | mBinding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this, R.layout.activity_main); mBinding.setWeatherData(weatherData); |
搜索框的设置.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_activity_main, menu); // 加载目录资源 mSearchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.menu_action_search); tintSearchMenuItem(); initSearchView(); return true; } // 搜索项着色, 会覆盖基础颜色, 取交集. private void tintSearchMenuItem() { int color = ContextCompat.getColor(this, android.R.color.white); // 白色 mSearchItem.getIcon().setColorFilter(color, PorterDuff.Mode.SRC_IN); // 交集 } // 搜索项初始化 private void initSearchView() { SearchView searchView = (SearchView) MenuItemCompat.getActionView(mSearchItem); searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(new SearchView.OnQueryTextListener() { @Override public boolean onQueryTextSubmit(String query) { MenuItemCompat.collapseActionView(mSearchItem); loadWeatherData(query); // 加载查询数据 return true; } @Override public boolean onQueryTextChange(String newText) { return false; } }); } |
功能测试
这一部分, 我会重点讲解.
既然使用Dagger2, 那么我们就来配置依赖注入.
三部曲: Module -> Component -> Application
Module, 使用模拟Api类, MockWeatherApiClient.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | /** * 测试App的Module, 提供AppContext, WeatherApiClient的模拟数据. * <p> * Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16. */ @Module public class TestAppModule { private final Context mContext; public TestAppModule(Context context) { mContext = context.getApplicationContext(); } @AppScope @Provides public Context provideAppContext() { return mContext; } @Provides public WeatherApiClient provideWeatherApiClient() { return new MockWeatherApiClient(); } } |
Component, 注入MainActivityTest.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | /** * 测试组件, 添加TestAppModule * <p> * Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16. */ @AppScope @Component(modules = TestAppModule.class) public interface TestAppComponent extends AppComponent { void inject(MainActivityTest test); } |
Application, 继承非测试的Application(WeatherApplication), 设置测试组件, 重写获取组件的方法(getAppComponent).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | /** * 测试天气应用 * <p> * Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16. */ public class TestWeatherApplication extends WeatherApplication { private TestAppComponent mTestAppComponent; @Override public void onCreate() { super.onCreate(); mTestAppComponent = DaggerTestAppComponent.builder() .testAppModule(new TestAppModule(this)) .build(); } // 组件 @Override public TestAppComponent getAppComponent() { return mTestAppComponent; } } |
Mock数据类, 使用模拟数据创建Gson类, 延迟发送至监听接口.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | /** * 模拟天气Api客户端 */ public class MockWeatherApiClient implements WeatherApiClient { @Override public Observable<WeatherData> getWeatherForCity(String cityName) { // 获得模拟数据 WeatherData weatherData = new Gson().fromJson(TestData.MUNICH_WEATHER_DATA_JSON, WeatherData.class); return Observable.just(weatherData).delay(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // 延迟时间 } } |
注册Application至TestRunner.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | /** * 更换Application, 设置TestRunner */ public class WeatherTestRunner extends AndroidJUnitRunner { @Override public Application newApplication(ClassLoader cl, String className, Context context) throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException { String testApplicationClassName = TestWeatherApplication.class.getCanonicalName(); return super.newApplication(cl, testApplicationClassName, context); } } |
测试主类
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 | /** * 测试的Activity * <p> * Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16. */ @LargeTest @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class) public class MainActivityTest { private static final String CITY_NAME = "Beijing"; // 因为我们使用测试接口, 设置任何都可以. @Rule public ActivityTestRule<MainActivity> activityTestRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(MainActivity.class); @Inject WeatherApiClient weatherApiClient; @Before public void setUp() { ((TestWeatherApplication) activityTestRule.getActivity().getApplication()).getAppComponent().inject(this); } @Test public void correctWeatherDataDisplayed() { WeatherData weatherData = weatherApiClient.getWeatherForCity(CITY_NAME).toBlocking().first(); onView(withId(R.id.menu_action_search)).perform(click()); onView(withId(android.support.v7.appcompat.R.id.search_src_text)).perform(replaceText(CITY_NAME)); onView(withId(android.support.v7.appcompat.R.id.search_src_text)).perform(pressKey(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_ENTER)); onView(withId(R.id.city_name)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getCityName()))); onView(withId(R.id.weather_date)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherDate()))); onView(withId(R.id.weather_state)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherState()))); onView(withId(R.id.weather_description)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherDescription()))); onView(withId(R.id.temperature)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getTemperatureCelsius()))); onView(withId(R.id.humidity)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getHumidity()))); } } |
ActivityTestRule设置MainActivity.class测试类.
setup设置依赖注入, 注入TestWeatherApplication的组件.
使用WeatherApiClient的数据, 模拟类的功能. 由于数据是预设的, 不论有无网络, 都可以进行可靠的功能测试.
执行测试, 右键点击MainActivityTest, 使用Run ‘MainActivityTest’.
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