之前在微博上看到了一款神器tldr，更友好的命令使用说明，妈妈再也不用担心我记不住命令了！今天抽空整理一下, 以备没用安装tldr的机器也能查阅常用的几个。
官方网站：
https://github.com/tldr-pages/tld
命令列表
执行tldr list,得到一些常用的命令列表
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | ab, ack, ag, alias, apropos, ar, awk, bc, bundle, cal, calibre-server, calibredb, cat, cd, chmod, chown, chsh, cksum, clang, comm, convert, cordova, cp, curl, cut, date, deluser, df, diff, dig, docker, drush, ebook-convert, echo, electrum, env, exiftool, fdupes, ffmpeg, file, find, fswebcam, gcc, gem, gifsicle, git-add, git-blame, git-branch, git-checkout, git-clone, git-commit, git-config, git-diff, git-init, git-log, git-merge, git-mv, git-pull, git-push, git-remote, git-rm, git-stash, git-status, git-tag, git, gpg, grep, gzip, handbrakecli, haxelib, history, iconv, ifconfig, ioping, ipcs, java, javac, kill, less, ln, lp, lpstat, ls, lsof, man, mkdir, more, mount, mp4box, mtr, mv, mysql, mysqldump, nc, nginx, nice, nmap, node, nohup, npm, nvm, pandoc, passwd, patch, pgrep, php, ping, pip, play, printf, ps, psql, pushd, pwd, python, redis-cli, rename, renice, rm, rmdir, rsync, salt-call, salt-key, salt-run, salt, scp, screen, sed, sort, sox, split, srm, ssh, sshfs, sudo, svn, tail, tar, tcpdump, tee, telnet, test, time, tldr, tmux, touch, tr, traceroute, transcode, tree, ufraw-batch, umount, uname, unzip, uptime, useradd, userdel, usermod, vim, vimtutor, w, wc, wget, which, yes, zbarimg, zfs, zip, zpool, apt-get, aptitude, base64, dpkg, du, emerge, findmnt, firewall-cmd, free, head, hostname, iostat, ip, journalctl, locate, lsb_release, md5sum, mdadm, netstat, pacman, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum, shuf, shutdown, ss, strace, systemctl, tcpflow, top, wall, watch, wpa_cli, xargs, xsetwacom, airport, brew, caffeinate, diskutil, drutil, du, head, hostname, locate, md5, mdfind, netstat, networksetup, open, pbcopy, pbpaste, qlmanage, route, say, shutdown, sw_vers, sysctl, system_profiler, systemsetup, top, wacaw, xctool, xed, xsltproc, prctl, prstat, svcadm, svccfg, svcs |
命令详解
按字母顺序列举。
ack
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | ack A search tool like grep, optimized for programmers. - Find files containing "foo" ack foo - Find files in a specific language ack --ruby each_with_object - Count the total number of matches for the term "foo" ack -ch foo - Show the file names containing "foo" and number of matches in each file ack -cl foo |
alias
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | alias Creates an alias for a word when used as the first word of a command - creating a generic alias alias word="command" - remove an aliased command unalias word - full list of aliased words alias -p - turning rm an interative command alias rm="rm -i" - overriding la as ls -a alias la="ls -a" |
awk
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | awk A versatile programming language for working on files - Print the fifth column in a space separated file awk '{print $5}' filename - Print the third column in a comma separated file awk -F ',' '{print $3}' filename - Sum the values in the first column and print the total awk '{s+=$1} END {print s}' filename - Sum the values in the first column and pretty-print the values and then the total awk '{s+=$1; print $1} END {print "--------"; print s}' filename |
base64
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | base64 Encode or decode file or standard input, to standard output. - Encode a file base64 filename - Decode a file base64 -d filename - Encode from stdin somecommand | base64 - Decode from stdin somecommand | base64 -d |
cat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | cat Print and concatenate files. - Print the contents of to the standard output cat file1 - Concatenate several files into the target file. cat file1 file2 > target-file |
chmod
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | chmod Change the access permissions of a file or directory - Give the (u)ser who owns a file the right to e(x)ecute it chmod u+x file - Give the user rights to (r)ead and (w)rite to a file/directory chmod u+rw file - Remove executable rights from the (g)roup chmod g-x file - Give (a)ll users rights to read and execute chmod a+rx file - Give (o)thers (not in the file owner's group) the same rights as the group chmod o=g file |
chown
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | chown Change the owning user/group of the specified files - change the user of a file chown user path/to/file - change the user and group of a file chown user:group path/to/file - recursively change the owner of an entire folder chown -R user path/to/folder - change the owner of a symbolic link chown -h user path/to/symlink - use the owner and group of a reference file and apply those values to another file chown --reference=reference-file path/to/file |
chsh
1 2 3 4 5 | chsh Change user's login shell - change shell chsh -s path/to/shell_binary username |
convert
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | convert Imagemagick image conversion tool - Convert an image from JPG to PNG convert image.jpg image.png - Scale an image 50% it's original size convert image.png -resize 50% image2.png - Horizontally append images convert image1.png image2.png image3.png +append image123.png |
cp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | cp Copy files - Copy files in arbitrary locations cp /path/to/original /path/to/copy - Copy a file to a parent directory cp /path/to/original ../path/to/copy - Copy directories recursive using the option -r cp -r /path/to/original /path/to/copy - Show files as they are copied cp -vr /path/to/original /path/to/copy - Make a copy of a file, adding an extension cp file.html{,.backup} - Make a copy of a file, changing the extension cp file.{html,backup} |
curl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | curl Transfers data from or to a server Supports most protocols including HTTP, FTP, POP - Download a URL to a file curl "URL" -o filename - send form-encoded data curl --data name=bob http://localhost/form - send JSON data curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name":"bob"}' http://localhost/login - specify an HTTP method curl -X DELETE http://localhost/item/123 - head request curl --head http://localhost - pass a user name and password for server authentication curl -u myusername:mypassword http://localhost |
cut
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | cut Cut out fields from STDIN or files - Cut out the first sixteen characters of each line of STDIN cut -c 1-16 - Cut out the first sixteen characters of each line of the given files cut -c 1-16 file - Cut out everything from the 3rd character to the end of each line cut -c3- - Cut out the fifth field, split on the colon character of each line cut -d':' -f5 - Cut out the fields five and 10, split on the colon character of each line cut -d':' -f5,10 - Cut out the fields five through 10, split on the colon character of each line cut -d':' -f5-10 |
date
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | date Set or display the system date - Display the date using the default locale date +"%c" - Display the date in UTC and ISO 8601 format date -u +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ" |
df
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | df gives an overview of the file system disk space usage - display all file systems and their disk usage df - display all file systems and their disk usage in human readable form df -h |
diff
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | diff Compare files and directories - Compare files diff file1 file2 - Compare files, ignoring white spaces diff -w file1 file2 - Compare files, showing differences side by side diff -y file1 file2 - Compare directories recursively diff -r directory1 directory2 - Compare directories, only showing the names of files that differ |
dpkg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | dpkg debian package manager - install a package dpkg -i /path/to/file - remove a package dpkg -r package_name - list installed packages dpkg -l pattern - list package contents dpkg -L package_name |
du
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | du Estimate file space usage - get a sum of the total size of a file/folder in human readable units du -sh file/directory - list file sizes of a directory and any subdirectories in KB du -k file/directory - get recursively, individual file/folder sizes in human readable form du -ah directory - list the KB sizes of directories for N levels below the specified directory du --max-depth=N |
env
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | env Show the environment or run a program in a modified environment - Show the environment env - Clear the environment and run a program env -i program - Remove variable from the environment and run a program env -u variable program - Set a variable and run a program env variable=value program |
find
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | find Find files under the given directory tree, recursively - find files by extension find root_path -name '*.py' - find files matching path pattern find root_path -path '**/lib/**/*.py' - run a command for each file, use {} within the command to access the filename find root_path -name '*.py' -exec wc -l {} \; - find files modified since a certain time find root_path -name '*.py' -mtime -1d - find files using case insensitive name matching, of a certain size find root_path -size +500k -size -10MB -iname '*.TaR.gZ' - delete files by name, older than a certain number of days find root_path -name '*.py' -mtime -180d -delete |
gcc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | gcc Preprocesses and compiles C and C++ source files, then assembles and links them together. - Compile multiple source files into executable gcc source1.c source2.c -o executable - Allow warnings, debug symbols in output gcc source.c -Wall -Og -o executable - Include libraries from a different path gcc source.c -o executable -Iheader_path -Llibrary_path -llibrary_name |
git …
1. git add
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | git add Adds changed files to the index - Add a file to the index git add PATHSPEC - Add all files (tracked and untracked) git add . - Only add already tracked files git add -u - Also add ignored files git add -f |
2. git blame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | git blame Show commit hash and last author on each line of a file - Print file with author name and commit hash on each line git blame file - Print file with author email and commit hash on each line git blame -e file |
3. git branch
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | Main command for working with branches - List local branches. The current branch is highlighted by *. git branch - List all local and remote branches git branch -a - Create new branch based on current branch git branch BRANCH-NAME - Delete a local branch git branch -d BRANCH-NAME - Move/Rename a branch git branch -mch |
4. git checkout
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | git checkout Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree - Switch to another branch git checkout BRANCH-NAME - Create and switch to a new branch git checkout -b BRANCH-NAME - Undo unstaged local modification git checkout . |
5. git clone
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | git clone Clone an existing repository - Clone an existing repository git clone REMOTE-REPOSITORY-LOCATION - For cloning from the local machine git clone -l - Do it quietly git clone -q - Clone an existing repository, and truncate to the specified number of revisions, save your time mostly git clone --depth 10 REMOTE-REPOSITORY-LOCATION |
6. git commit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | git commit Commit staged files to the repository - Commit staged files to the repository with comment git commit -m MESSAGE - Replace the last commit with currently staged changes git commit --amend |
7. git config
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | git config Get and set repository or global options - Print list of options for current repository git config --list --local - Print global list of options, set in ~/.gitconfig git config --list --global - Get full list of options git config --list - Get value of alias.ls option git config alias.st - Set option alias.ls=status in file ~/.gitconfig git config --global alias.ls "status" - Remove option alias.st from ~/.gitconfig git config --global --unset alias.st |
8. git diff
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | git diff Show changes to tracked files - Show changes to tracked files git diff PATHSPEC - Show only names of changed files. git diff --name-only PATHSPEC - Output a condensed summary of extended header information. git diff --summary PATHSPEC |
9. git init
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | git init Initializes a new local Git repository - Initialize a new local repository git init - Initialize a barebones repository git init --bare |
10. git log
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | git log Show a history of commits - Show a history of commits git log - Show the history of a particular file or directory, including differences git log -p path - Show only the first line of each commits git log --oneline |
11. git merge
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | git merge Merge branches - Merge a branch with your current branch git merge BRANCH-NAME - Edit the merge message git merge -e BRANCH-NAME |
12. git mv
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | git mv Move or rename files and update the git index. - Move file inside the repo and add the movement to the next commit git mv path/to/file new/path/to/file - Rename file and add renaming to the next commit git mv filename new_filename - Overwrite the file in the target path if it exists git mv --force file target |
13. git pull
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | git pull Fetch branch from a remote repository and merge it to local repository - Download changes from default remote repository and merge it git pull - Download changes from default remote repository and use fast forward git pull --rebase - Download changes from given remote repository and branch, then merge them into HEAD git pull remote_name branch |
14. git push
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | git push Push commits to a remote repository - Publish local changes on a remote branch git push REMOTE-NAME LOCAL-BRANCH - Publish local changes on a remote branch of different name git push REMOTE-NAME LOCAL-BRANCH:REMOTE-BRANCH - Remove remote branch git push REMOTE-NAME :REMOTE-BRANCH - Remove remote branches which don't exist locally git push --prune REMOTE-NAME - Publish tags git push --tags |
15. git remote
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | git remote ge set of tracked repositories (“remotes”) - Show a list of existing remotes, their names and URL git remote -v - Add a remote git remote add remote_name remote_url - Change the URL of a remote git remote set-url remote_name new_url - Remove a remote git remote remove remote_name - Rename a remote git remote rename old_name new_name |
16. git stash
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | git stash Stash local Git changes in a temporary area - stash current changes (except new files) git stash save optional_stash_name - include new files in the stash (leaves the index completely clean) git stash save -u optional_stash_name - list all stashes git stash list - re-apply the latest stash git stash pop - re-apply a stash by name git stash apply stash_name - drop a stash by an index git stash drop stash@{index} |
17. git tag
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | git tag Create, list, delete or verify tags. Tag is reference to specific commit. - List all tags git tag - Create a tag with the given name pointing to the current commit git tag tag_name - Create a tag with the given message git tag tag_name -m tag_message - Delete the tag with the given name git tag -d tag_name |
grep
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | grep Matches patterns in input text Supports simple patterns and regular expressions - search for an exact string grep something file_path - search recursively in current directory for an exact string grep -r something . - use a regex grep -e ^regex$ file_path - see 3 lines of context grep -C 3 something file_path - print the count of matches instead of the matching text grep -c something file_path - use the standard input instead of a file cat file_path | grep something - invert match for excluding specific strings grep -v something |
gzip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | gzip Compress/uncompress files with gzip compression (LZ77) - compress a file, replacing it with a gzipped compressed version gzip file.ext - decompress a file, replacing it with the original uncompressed version gzip -d file.ext.gz - compress a file specifying the output filename gzip -c file.ext > compressed-file.ext.gz - uncompress a gzipped file specifying the output filename gzip -c -d file.ext.gz > uncompressed-file.ext - specify the compression level. 1=Fastest (Worst), 9=Slowest (Best), Default level is 6 gzip -9 -c file.ext > compressed-file.ext.gz |
iconv
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | iconv Converts text from one encoding to another - convert file and print to stdout iconv -f from_encoding -t to_encoding input_file - convert file to current locale iconv -f from_encoding input_file > output_file - list supported encodings iconv -l |
ifconfig
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | ifconfig ifconfig - Interface Configurator, used to configure network interfaces. - View network settings of an ethernet adapter. ifconfig eth0 - Display details of all interfaces, including disabled interfaces. ifconfig -a - Disable eth0 interface. ifconfig eth0 down - Enable eth0 interface. ifconfig eth0 up - Assign IP address to eth0 interface. ifconfig eth0 ip_address |
kill
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | kill Sends a signal to a process Mostly used for stopping processes - kill the process kill process_id - list signal names kill -l |
less
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | less Opens a file for reading Allows movement and search Doesn't read the entire file (suitable for logs) - open a file less source_file - page up / down d (next), D (previous) - go to start / end of file g (start), G (end) - search for a string /something then n (next), N (previous) - exit q |
ln
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | ln Creates links to files and folders - create a symbolic link to a file or folder ln -s path/to/original/file path/to/link - overwrite a symbolic link to a file ln -sf path/to/new/original/file path/to/file/link - overwrite a symbolic link to a folder ln -sfT path/to/new/original/file path/to/folder/link - create a hard link to a file or folder ln path/to/original/file path/to/link |
locate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | locate find filenames quickly - Look for pattern in the database. Note: the database is recomputed periodically (usually weekly or daily). locate pattern - Recompute the database. You need to do it if you want to find recently added files. sudo updatedb |
ls
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 | ls List directory contents - List all files, even hidden ls -a - List all file names (no extra info) ls -A1 - List all files with their rights, groups, owner ls -l - List all files and display the file size in a human readable format ls -lh - List all files with a prefix/suffix ls *suffix - Sort the results by size, last modified date, or creation date ls -U - Reverse the order of the results ls -r |
md5 …
md5sum, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum etc.
1 2 3 4 5 | md5sum Calculate MD5 cryptographic checksums - Read a file of MD5SUMs and verify all files have matching checksums md5sum -c filename.md5 |
mkdir
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | mkdir Creates a directory - creates a directory in current folder or given path mkdir directory - creates directories recursively (useful for creating nested dirs) mkdir -p path |
more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | more Opens a file for reading. Allows movement and search in forward direction only. Doesn't read the entire file (suitable for logs) - open a file more source_file - page down d (next) - search for a string /something then n (next) - exit q |
mount
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | mount Provides access to an entire filesystem in one directory. - Show all mounted filesystems mount - Mount a device mount -t filesystem_type path_to_device_file directory_to_mount_to - Mount a CD-ROM device (with the filetype ISO9660) to /cdrom (readonly) mount -t iso9660 -o ro /dev/cdrom /cdrom - Mount all the filesystem defined in /etc/fstab mount -a - Mount a specific filesystem described in /etc/fstab (e.g. "/dev/sda1 /my_drive ext2 defaults 0 2") mount /my_drive |
mv
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | mv Move or rename files and directories - Move files in abitrary locations mv source target - Do not prompt for confirmation before overwriting existing files mv -f source target - Do not prompt for confirmation before overwriting existing files but write to standard error before overriding mv -fi source target - Move files in verbose mode, showing files after they are moved mv -v source target |
mysql
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | mysql the MySQL command-line tool - Connect to a database mysql database_name - Connect to a database using credentials mysql -u user -ppassword database_name - Execute SQL statements in a script file (batch file) mysql database_name < script.sql |
nc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 | nc reads and writes tcp or udp data - listen on a specified port nc -l port - connect to a certain port (you can then write to this port) nc ip_address port - set a timeout nc -w timeout_in_seconds ipaddress port - serve a file cat somefile.txt | nc -l port - receive a file nc ip_address port > somefile.txt - server stay up after client detach nc -k -l port - client stay up after EOF nc -q timeout ip_address |
passwd
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | passwd passwd is a tool used to change a user's password. - Change the password of the current user passwd new password - Change the password of the specified user passwd username new password - Get the current statuts of the user passwd -S - Make the password of the account blank (it will set the named account passwordless) passwd -d |
ping
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | ping send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts - Ping host ping host - Ping host limiting the number of packages to be send to four ping -c 4 host - Ping host, waiting for 0.5 s between each request (default is 1 s) ping -i 0.5 host - Ping host without trying to lookup symbolic names for addresses ping -n host |
pip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | pip Python package manager - Install a package pip install package_name - Install a specific version of a package pip install package_name==package_version - Upgrade a package pip install -U package_name - Uninstall a package pip uninstall package_name - Save installed packages to file pip freeze > requirements.txt - Install packages from file pip install -r requirements.txt |
pwd
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | pwd Print name of current/working directory - Print the current directory pwd - Print the current directory, and resolve all symlinks (e.g. show the "physical" path) pwd -P |
rename
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | rename renames multiple files - Change foo to bar in matching filenames rename 's/foo/bar/' *.txt - Convert to lower case rename -c *.txt - No action, just show what renames would occur rename -n 's/foo/bar/' *.txt |
rm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | rm Remove files or directories - Remove files from arbitrary locations rm /path/to/file /otherpath/to/file2 - Remove recursively a directory and all it's subdirectories rm -r /path/to/folder - Prompt before every removal rm -i \* |
scp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | scp Copies files between hosts on a network Works over a secure connection (SSH) - upload a file, or upload and rename a file scp /local/file.txt 10.0.0.1:/remote/path/newname.txt - download a file scp 10.0.0.1:/remote/path/file.txt /local/folder - upload or download a directory scp -r 10.0.0.1:/remote/path /local/folder - specify username on host scp /local/file.txt my_user@10.0.0.1:/remote/path - copy a file from one host to another scp 10.0.0.1:/remote/path/file.txt 20.0.0.2:/other/remote/path - download a file with ssh key scp -i /local/key 10.0.0.1:/remote/path/file.txt /local/folder |
screen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | screen Hold a session open on a remote server. Manage multiple windows with a single SSH connection. - Start a new screen session screen - Start a new named screen session screen -S name - Show open screen sessions screen -ls - Reattach to an open screen screen -r screen id - Detach from inside a screen ctrl+A D - Kill a detached screen screen -X -S screen id quit |
sed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | sed Run replacements based on regular expressions - replace all occurrences of a string in a file, and print the result sed 's/find/replace/g' filename - replace all occurrences of a string in a file, and overwrite the file contents sed -i 's/find/replace/g' filename - replace all occurrences of an extended regular expression in a file sed -E 's/regex/replace/g' filename - replace all occurrences of multiple strings in a file sed -e 's/find/replace/g' -e 's/find/replace/g' filename |
shutdown
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | shutdown Shutdown and reboot the system - Power off (halt) immediately shutdown -h now - Reboot immediately shutdown -r now - Reboot in 5 minutes shutdown -r +5 & - Cancel a pending shutdown/reboot operation shutdown -c |
ssh
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | SSH Secure Shell is a protocol used to securely log onto remote systems. It can be used for logging or executing commands on a remote server. - connecting to a remote server ssh username@remote_host - connecting to a remote server with a specific identity (private key) ssh -i /path/to/key_file username@remote_host - connecting to a remote server with specific port ssh username@remote_host -p 2222 - run a command on a remote server ssh remote_host "command -with -flags" - ssh tunneling: dynamic port forwarding (SOCKS proxy on localhost:9999) ssh -D 9999 -C username@remote_host - ssh tunneling: forward a specific port (localhost:9999 to slashdot.org:80) ssh -L 9999:slashdot.org:80 username@remote_host - ssh enable agent forward ssh -A username@remote_host |
sshfs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | SSHFS filesystem client based on ssh - mounting remote directory sshfs username@remote_host:remote_directory mountpoint - unmounting remote directory fusermount -u mountpoint - mounting remote directory from server with specific port sshfs username@remote_host:remote_directory -p 2222 - use compression sshfs username@remote_host:remote_directory -C |
strace
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | strace Troubleshooting tool for tracing system calls - Start tracing a specific process by its PID strace -p pid - Trace a process and filter output by system call strace -p pid -e system call name - Count time, calls, and errors for each system call and report a summary on program exit. strace -p pid -c |
sudo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | sudo execute a command as another user - Listing of an unreadable directory: sudo ls /usr/local/scrt - To edit a file as user www: sudo -u www vi /var/www/index.html - To shutdown the machine: sudo shutdown -r +10 "Cya soon!" - To repeat the last command as sudo sudo !! |
svn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | svn Subversion command line client tool - Check out a working copy from a repository svn co url/to/repository - Bring changes from the repository into the working copy svn up - Put files and directories under version control, scheduling them for addition to repository. They will be added in next commit. svn add PATH... - Send changes from your working copy to the repository svn ci -m commit log message [PATH...] - Show detailed help svn help |
tail
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | tail Display the last part of a file - show last 'num' lines in file tail -n num file - show all file since line 'num' tail -n +num file - show last 'num' bytes in file tail -c num file - keep reading file until ctrl-c tail -f file |
tar
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | tar Archiving utility Optional compression with gzip / bzip - create an archive from files tar cf target.tar file1 file2 file3 - create a gzipped archive tar czf target.tar.gz file1 file2 file3 - extract an archive in a target folder tar xf source.tar -C folder - extract a gzipped archive in the current directory tar xzf source.tar.gz - extract a bzipped archive in the current directory tar xjf source.tar.bz2 - create a compressed archive, using archive suffix to determine the compression program tar caf target.tar.xz file1 file2 file3 - list the contents of a tar file tar tvf source.tar |
tcpdump
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | tcpdump Dump traffic on a network - capture the traffic of a specific interface tcpdump -i eth0 - capture all TCP traffic showing contents (ASCII) in console tcpdump -A tcp - capture the traffic from or to a host tcpdump host www.example.com - capture the traffic from a specific interface, source, destination and port tcpdump -i eth0 src 192.168.1.1 dest 192.168.1.2 and port 80 - capture the traffic of a network tcpdump net 192.168.1.0/24 - capture all traffic except traffic over port 22 and save to a dump file tcpdump -w dumpfile.pcap not port 22 |
telnet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | telnet telnet is used to connect to a specified port of a host - telnet to a certain port telnet ip_address port - to exit a telnet session quit - default escape character CTRL + ] - specify an escape character (x is the escape character) telnet -e x ip_address port |
top
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | top Display dynamic real-time information about running processes. - Start top top - Start top ignoring any idle or zombie processes top -i - Start top displaying only processes owned by given user top -u user-name - Get help about interactive commands ? |
touch
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | touch Change a file access and modification times (atime, mtime) - Create a new empty file(s) or change the times for existing file(s) to current time.` touch filename - Set the times on a file to match those on second file touch -r filename2 filename |
tree
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | tree Show the contents of the current directory as a tree. - Show files and directories with a depth of 'num' tree -L num - Show directories only tree -d - Show hidden files too tree -a - Print human readable size of files tree -h - Print the full path for each file tree -f - Print the tree without lines and indentation. Useful when used with -f tree -i |
umount
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | umount Revokes access to an entire filesystem mounted to a directory. A filesystem cannot be unmounted when it is busy. - Unmount a filesystem umount path_to_device_file - OR umount path_to_mounted_directory - Unmount all mounted filesystems (dangerous!) umount -a |
uname
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | uname Print details about the current machine and the operating system running on it. Note: If you're on Linux, try also the lsb_release command. - Print hardware-related information: machine and processor uname -mp - Print software-related information: operating system, release number, and version uname -srv - Print the nodename (hostname) of the system uname -n - Print all available system information (hardware, software, nodename) uname -a |
unzip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | unzip Extract compressed files in a ZIP archive - extract zip file(s) (for multiple files, seperate file paths by spaces) unzip file(s) - extract zip files(s) to given path unzip files(s) -d /path/to/put/extracted/files - list the contents of a zip file without extracting unzip -l file |
wget
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | wget Download files from the Web Supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP - Download a URL to a file wget -O filename "url" - Limit download speed wget --limit-rate=200k url - Continue an incomplete download wget -c url - Download a full website wget --mirror -p --convert-links -P target_folder url - FTP download with username and password wget --ftp-user=username --ftp-password=password url |
xargs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | xargs execute a command with piped arguments - main use arguments | xargs command - handling whitespace in arguments arguments_null_terminated | xargs -0 command - example: list unneeded packages with deborphan and remove them with apt-get sudo deborphan | xargs sudo apt-get remove |
zip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | zip Package and compress (archive) files into zip file - package and compress multiple directories and files zip -r compressed.zip /path/to/dir1 /path/to/dir2 /path/to/file - add files to an existing zip file zip compressed.zip path/to/file - remove unwanted files from an existing zip file zip -d compressed.zip "foo/*.tmp" |
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